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The Ashavana Archives

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In the so-called Weidner Chronicle, which is considered a derivative of the Sumerian King List,[23] the order of Kubaba’s dynasty and the dynasty of Akshak is switched around, with Puzur-Niraḫ [pl] reigning before her rather than later on.[24] The section dedicated to her is poorly preserved.[25] It relays how Kubaba was granted kingship by Marduk after he delivered an offering of fish to his temple Esagil.[26] The composition is focused on conveying the message that kings who neglected to worship Marduk were rendered powerless, and to that end employs a number of anachronisms,[27] this account being one of them.[13] It is known from Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian copies, and was originally composed no earlier than around 1100 BCE.[27]

References to Kubaba are also known from texts focused on omens linked to liver divination.[10] As noted by Beate Pongratz-Leisten, references to legendary rulers such as her, GušurEtana or Gilgamesh in works belonging to this category were meant to establish them as paradigmatic models of kingship.[28] In one of the omen compendiums, the “omen of Kubaba” is the birth of an androgynous being with both a penis and a vagina.[10] It is possible the birth of a sheep rather than a human is meant.[2] Such an event is said to foretell that “the country of the king shall be ruined”.[10] Marten Stol argues that its negative character reflected a negative perception of a woman fulfilling a typically masculine role, that of a ruler.[2] Other omens preserve a tradition according to which Kubaba was a warrior.[10]